Periyar National Park

Periyar National Park: A Biodiversity Haven in the Western Ghats

Nestled in the lush landscapes of Kerala, Periyar National Park is one of India’s most renowned wildlife sanctuaries. Spanning over 925 square kilometers, it is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, including elephants, tigers, leopards, and exotic bird species. The park, also known as Periyar Tiger Reserve, is located in the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site recognized for its ecological significance.

With its dense forests, picturesque Periyar Lake, and abundant wildlife, Periyar National Park is a haven for nature lovers, adventure seekers, and wildlife enthusiasts. This article explores the history, geography, biodiversity, conservation efforts, and tourism experiences that make Periyar National Park a must-visit destination.

Historical Background

The history of Periyar National Park dates back to the late 19th century, when the Mullaperiyar Dam was constructed in 1895 to create Periyar Lake for irrigation purposes. This artificial lake, covering 26 square kilometers, later became the heart of the wildlife reserve, providing a crucial water source for the park’s diverse species.

In 1934, the area was declared Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary by the Maharaja of Travancore, making it one of the earliest protected forests in India. It was later upgraded to a tiger reserve in 1978 under Project Tiger, aimed at conserving the declining tiger population. Over the decades, Periyar has evolved into a model ecotourism site promoting sustainable tourism and wildlife conservation.

Geography and Climate

1. Location and Terrain

Periyar National Park is located in Thekkady, Kerala, in the Cardamom Hills and Pandalam Hills of the Western Ghats. The terrain is a mix of evergreen forests, grasslands, and hilly landscapes, with altitudes ranging from 100 meters to 2,019 meters (6,624 feet) at the highest peak, Kottamalai.

2. Climate

The park experiences a tropical monsoon climate, with three distinct seasons:

Summer (March–May): Temperatures range from 25°C to 35°C, and the park becomes dry, making it easier to spot animals near water bodies.
Monsoon (June–September): Heavy rainfall, dense greenery, and misty landscapes dominate this season.
Winter (October–February): Pleasant temperatures (15°C to 25°C), making it the best time for wildlife sightings and trekking.

Flora: A Botanical Paradise

Periyar National Park boasts an incredible variety of plant life, with over 1,965 species of flowering plants. The forest primarily consists of:

1. Evergreen and Semi-Evergreen Forests

Towering teak, rosewood, and sandalwood trees dominate these forests.
Cane bamboo, wild figs, and orchids thrive in the dense undergrowth.

2. Grasslands and Moist Deciduous Forests

These areas provide ideal grazing grounds for herbivores like gaurs (Indian bison) and sambar deer.
Medicinal plants like Erythrina (coral tree) and Rauvolfia serpentina are found here.

Fauna: A Wildlife Enthusiast’s Dream

Periyar National Park is a biodiversity hotspot, home to over 66 mammal species, 320 bird species, 45 reptile species, and 160 butterfly species.

1. Mammals: The Iconic Wildlife

Indian Elephants (Elephas maximus indicus): One of the main attractions, Periyar has a thriving population of over 1,000 elephants.
Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris): The elusive big cats are estimated to be 40-50 in number, making tiger sightings rare but rewarding.
Indian Leopard, Sloth Bear, Nilgiri Langur, and Malabar Giant Squirrel are also commonly spotted.

2. Birdlife: A Birdwatcher’s Paradise

The park is home to rare and endemic birds, such as:
- Great Indian Hornbill
- Malabar Grey Hornbill
- Nilgiri Wood Pigeon
- Black-necked Stork
- White-bellied Treepie
Migratory birds, including bar-headed geese and pintails, visit during winter.

3. Reptiles and Amphibians

Periyar has numerous snake species, including the king cobra, Malabar pit viper, and Indian rock python.
The park’s wetlands support frogs and crocodiles, including the mugger crocodile found in Periyar Lake.

Periyar Lake: The Heart of the Park

1. Formation and Importance

Periyar Lake was artificially created in 1895 by the Mullaperiyar Dam.
It acts as the lifeline of the reserve, attracting elephants, tigers, and birds.

2. Boating Safari

The best way to experience Periyar’s wildlife is through a boat safari on the lake.
Tourists can witness elephants bathing, herds of bison, otters, and rare birds.
Timings: Morning (7:30 AM & 9:30 AM) and Evening (2:00 PM & 4:00 PM).

Ecotourism Activities

Periyar National Park promotes eco-friendly tourism, offering unique experiences such as:

1. Bamboo Rafting

A full-day adventure combining rafting and trekking, offering close encounters with wildlife.

2. Nature Walks and Trekking

Periyar Tiger Trail: A guided trek through core forest areas, led by former poachers-turned-conservationists.
Border Hiking: A full-day trek along the park’s outer boundary, offering panoramic views.

3. Elephant Safari and Interaction

Visitors can engage in elephant bathing, feeding, and rides, learning about conservation efforts.

Conservation Efforts and Challenges

1. Project Tiger and Elephant Conservation

Periyar is part of Project Tiger (since 1978) and Project Elephant (since 1992), ensuring the protection of these iconic species.

2. Anti-Poaching Initiatives

The park has community-led conservation programs, where former poachers are now forest guides, helping protect wildlife.

3. Challenges

Human-wildlife conflict, illegal poaching, and deforestation remain major threats.
Climate change and forest fires also pose risks to biodiversity.

How to Reach Periyar National Park

By Air: The nearest airport is Cochin International Airport (190 km).
By Rail: The nearest railway station is Kottayam (110 km).
By Road: Well-connected via bus and private taxis from Kochi, Munnar, and Madurai.

Best Time to Visit

October to June is the best season for wildlife sightings, trekking, and boat safaris.
Monsoon (July-September) is ideal for nature lovers who enjoy lush greenery and waterfalls.

Conclusion

Periyar National Park is not just a wildlife sanctuary; it is an ecological treasure trove that showcases India’s rich biodiversity. From elephant herds by the lake to tiger conservation efforts, Periyar stands as a model of sustainable wildlife tourism and community-led conservation.

For those seeking an unforgettable experience amid nature, adventure, and wildlife, Periyar National Park is a destination like no other.